Speech Codes Essay Research Paper SPEECH CODES free essay sample

Speech Codes Essay, Research Paper SPEECH CODES: AN ANSWER TO OUR PROBLEMS? Freedom of address is an issue that has been debated in America since the colonists foremost inhabited our state. The First Amendment of the Constitution guarantees the right of freedom of address to all Americans. Since so, people have spoken freely about authorities, faith, unfairness, and fundamentally anything else that they have wanted to. However, this freedom is non ever given. Evidence of this can be found on college campuses across the state. More and more colleges and universities are now implementing address codifications, ordinances that prohibit address or other behavior that is opprobrious, baleful, or take downing to certain groups because of their gender, race, spiritual beliefs, sexual orientation, or cultural background. This type of address is besides known as hatred address. A great contention has arisen over the enforcement of these codifications. We must now make up ones mind whether or non speech codifications are constitutional, and what is more of import for an academic environment, an ambiance in which 1 can talk freely about his or her beliefs, or one in which no 1 feels persecuted or insulted. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Codes Essay Research Paper SPEECH CODES or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Advocates of address codifications believe that address codifications are great tools for helping the instruction procedure. They feel that address that is really violative to certain groups of people impedes upon the acquisition procedure by making hostile and uncomfortable schoolroom environments when pupils of opposing groups are brought together. They believe that instruction, the primary ground for go toing college, takes a back place to such issues. Therefore, they believe that this job could be solved by the enforcement of address codifications. Advocates of address codifications besides feel that the First Amendment does non really protect all types of address, viz. hate address. They argue that freedom of address was given in order to talk out against things such as corruptness and unfairness, non to give racialists and bigots the right to diss and ache people due to fortunes these people can non command. After all, the Constitution provinces that all work forces are created equal. Advocates argue that the allowance of such hatred address, utilizing the permission of the First Amendment however, is a perversion of this great announcement. Advocates besides feel that excessively much free address, including hatred address, is one of the top grounds for recent additions in hate offenses. Hate offenses are besides on the rise on college campuses across the state. For illustration, victims have had crosses burned in their paces, swastikas painted on their temples and residence halls, and have been physically attacked. Supporters believe that these offenses could be prevented, or at least reduced if hate address was non allowed. They feel that the allowance of hatred address merely serves to derive support for those who speak it, and that prohibition of hatred address is the key. Advocates of address codifications may hold thought that they were making the right thing, but they have been misled. Speech codes that are enforced by government-financed province colleges and universities are in clear misdemeanor of the Constitution because they are signifiers of authorities censoring. All address, no affair how violative it may be, is protected by the First Amendment. The right of free address is indivisible, which means that if the right is taken off from one, it is taken off from all. Furthermore, freedom of address is critical to the staying rights given in the First Amendment. Restricting address would besides curtail freedom of faith, freedom of the imperativeness, and so on. Furthermore, one must recognize that although hate address may be protected, hate offenses are non. In fact, the most effectual step to battle hate offenses may be speech itself. Another job with address codifications is that they are non clear plenty. Ill-defined boundaries and mistily worded prohibitions have created quite a batch of confusion for those seeking to understand the codifications. Many people are now pressing charges against anything and everything that the may happen violative. Charges have been brought up against people who have written amusing lampoons about cultural nutrients in campus magazines. Charges have besides been brought up against people who have made non-racist, derogative comments to other races. Charges such as these are normally dropped, but in some instances, people have really been fired from occupations or expelled from school. However, it would be about impossible to specify the boundaries of address codifications. In order for this to go on, person would hold to do himself the authorization, the jurisprudence. This clearly exhibits the fact that address codifications are non the reply. Speech codifications are designed to decide issues covering with many signifiers of racism and dogmatism. However, address codifications do non decide these issues ; they merely suppress them. Ignoring such jobs will non do them to travel off, as address is a consequence of what is indoors of a individual. One critic of address codifications stated, Verbal pureness is non societal alteration. Freedom of address besides allows pupils to be after antagonistic onslaughts on hatred address. Address can be fought with address, leting those who discriminate against others to see the issue from an alternate point of position and to perchance alter their ain position. Speech codifications would forestall this alteration from happening, doing them to get the better of their ain intent. Finally, address codifications on college campuses defeat one of the chief intents of college in general. The chief intent of most colleges is to help larning through unfastened argument and free enquiry and to edify pupils. Speech codes straight curtail this signifier of larning. Small can be learned in a schoolroom in which the pupils are afraid to voice their sentiments. All positions and sentiments should be entitled to be heard so that others may research them and make up ones mind for themselves what they believe. Students may non ever agree or change their heads on certain topics, but hopefully they will be able to see the issue from a new angle alternatively of a nonreversible, closed-minded point of position. Sing the universe from another s point of position could so be the key to happening peace with each other. After one has examined both sides of the issue of address codifications, it should be clear that address codifications are incorrect and are really tangential to society. Hatred, racism, and dogmatism provender on environments where jobs are suppressed and ignored. No 1 should of all time be content with ignorance toward these issues. Many people choose to turn their dorsums on contending address codifications because they feel that it is merely a little conflict and that there are more of import things to worry approximately. What people fail to recognize is that we give some of our power to the authorities with each little conflict that we lose. Forty old ages ago, totalitarian authoritiess, much like that in George Orwell s 1984, were thought to be an absolute impossibleness. Today, nevertheless, when we look at issues such speech codifications, we can see that eventual entire authorities control is a distinguishable possibility. Therefore, it should be our responsibility as Ameri cans, populating in a society built on democracy, to contend to maintain the rights that our sires one time fought to derive for us. So, we must make up ones mind where we should get down. Possibly we should get down by speaking about it.

Missing Information in APA Referencing

Missing Information in APA Referencing Missing Information in APA Referencing Referencing can be tricky even if you have all the source details. But what do you do when you can’t find an author’s name or a date of publication? In this post, we look at how to deal with missing information in APA referencing. Sources Without a Named Author: Organizational Authors Not every source will name the person who wrote it. When this happens, you can cite an organizational author instead (i.e., the company or organization that produced the source): Anonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association, 2008). Here, for example, we’re citing the American Psychological Association. We would then cite the same organizational author in the reference list at the end of the document. For instance: American Psychological Association (2008). The Psychological Effects of Anonymity on Self-Esteem. New York, NY: APA Press Inc. If you cite a source like this more than once, you may also want to abbreviate the organization’s name. You can do this within a citation by adding the abbreviation in square brackets: Anonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association [APA], 2008). On the next citation, we would then use the abbreviation by itself instead of repeating the full organization name again. Sources Without a Named Author: Anonymous Authors If a source truly has no author to name, APA recommends using the title in place of a name in citations and the reference list. If the title is quite long, you should also shorten it. For instance, we could cite an anonymous book called How to Cite Sources Effectively like this: Citing sources with missing information can be difficult (How to Cite, 2001). We would then use the full source title in place of an author’s name in the reference list. The only time you should attribute something to â€Å"Anonymous† is when the author is listed as such on the source. Sources Without a Year of Publication If you cannot find a date of publication for a source, use the phrase â€Å"n.d.† This is short for â€Å"no date.† We would use it in a citation like this, for instance: Time makes fools of us all (Smith, n.d.). We would then also use â€Å"n.d.† in place of a year in the reference list. Sources Without Page Numbers Possibly the most common issues of missing information in APA referencing is that some sources, such as websites, do not have page numbers. In cases like this, APA says you can use a paragraph number in citations: Smith (2003) rejects the â€Å"supposed need for page numbers† (para. 6). As a rule, paragraph numbers are most useful for shorter documents where you can quickly count the number of paragraphs therein (or for sources that come with pre-numbered paragraphs). Summary: Missing Information in APA Referencing If you cannot find full source information, APA referencing suggests: Cite an organizational author if a source is missing a named author. If there is no suitable organizational author either, use the source title instead. Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† if a source has no year of publication. Use a paragraph number if a source has no page numbers. The points above should cover most cases of missing information in APA. However, remember to check carefully before using these methods. Most sources will have the information you need available, even if it is not easy to spot at first. And don’t forget that you can have your work proofread to make sure your referencing is complete.

Blitzkrieg Essay Research Paper The foundation of

Blitzkrieg Essay, Research PaperThe foundation of Mobile warfare has its roots in Ancient and Medieval World. The German Army tardily in World War I ab initio developed basic tactics that finally evolved into modern nomadic warfare. Germans developed those tactics in an effort to get the better of the inactive trench warfare on the Western Front. Elite # 8220 ; Sturmtruppen # 8221 ; infantry units were created to assail enemy places utilizing the impulse of velocity and surpass but finally failed because of the deficiency of mobility and support needed in order to go on progressing farther into enemy controlled district. During 1920s, British military philosophers Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart, General J.F.C. Fuller and General Martell farther developed tactics of nomadic warfare. They all postulated that armored combat vehicles could non merely prehend land by beastly strength, but could besides be the cardinal factor in a new scheme of warfare. If moved quickly plenty, of armore d combat vehicles could nail through enemy lines and into the enemy # 8217 ; s rear, destructing supplies and heavy weapon places and diminishing the enemy # 8217 ; s will to defy. All of them found armored combat vehicle to be an ultimate arm able to perforate deep into enemy district while followed by foot and supported by heavy weapon and airfare. In late 1920s and early 1930s, Charles De Gaulle, Hans von Seekt, Heinz Guderian and many others became interested in the construct of nomadic warfare and tried to implement it in an organisational construction of their ground forcess. Heinz Guderian organized Panzers into self-contained Panzer Divisions working with the close support of foot, motorized foot, heavy weapon and airfare. From 1933 to 1939, Germany was on a pursuit to to the full mechanise their ground forces for an approaching struggle.German High Command used Spanish Civil War ( 1936-38 ) as a testing land for Blitzkrieg tactics, which proved to be a formidable combinat ion of land and air action. In September of 1939, Germany invaded Poland utilizing mechanized land force ( Wehrmacht ) working with the close support of the airfare ( Luftwaffe ) to breakthrough and perforate deep behind Polish lines of defence # 8211 ; Polish Campaign. In May of 1940, during the invasion of the Low Countries and France, the Germans one time once more used same tactics ( including the usage of Fallschirmjaeger # 8211 ; paratroops ) to floor and disorganise the guardians. From October of 1940 to March of 1941, Germans conquered Balkans utilizing the same proved tactics. When in June of 1941, Germany invaded Russia ; tactics of Blitzkrieg allowed them to make the outskirts of Moscow in December of 1941. Erwin Rommel in North Africa ( 1941-1943 ) besides implemented tactics of Blitzkrieg with great success. Since late 1942, outnumbered German Army was contending a defensive war on two foreparts and was unable to establish any major offenses with excepti on of Kursk ( June of 1943 ) and Ardennes ( December of 1944 ) offense. Overall, tactics of Blitzkrieg were the chief subscriber of early German triumphs ( 1939-1942 ) , when German supply base and logistics were able to keep the velocity of the progressing units. This was non the instance on the Eastern Front and in the North Africa, when limited German supply base and logistics were unable to get by with transit and conditions conditions diminishing effectivity of German onslaughts and armed forces in general. At the same clip, potency of Blitzkrieg was to the full appreciated by the Allies, who implemented its tactics on all foreparts. US Army General George Patton used Blitzkrieg tactics in his European operations of 1944. After World War II, tactics of Blitzkrieg were used by Israeli forces during their legion struggles with the Arab Nations every bit good as by American forces during the Operation Desert Storm.Overall, tactics of Blitzkrieg are based on co-ordinated, concentrated and precise air and land onslaughts to supply a rapid and powerful clout through the enemy lines in order to finally encircle the enemy. Important factor behind nomadic warfare was communicating between the HQ and field units and vice-versa, every bit good as prepared get downing points along with supply base and logistics to keep the velocity of the initial onslaught. Although, it is frequently forgotten that surpass was besides really of import to the success of Blitzkrieg and that is why Germany neer declar ed war on any state that it attacked. The radical tactics of Blitzkrieg formed a base for future development of arms and warfare.Concepts of Blitzkrieg1. Airfare attacks enemy front-line and rear places, chief roads, landing fields and communicating centres. At the same clip foot onslaughts on the full front-line ( or at least at chief topographic points ) and engages enemy. This restrains the enemy from cognizing where the chief force will assail.2. Concentrated armored combat vehicle unit # 8217 ; s breakthrough chief lines of defence and progress deeper into enemy district, while following mechanised unit # 8217 ; s chase and engage guardians forestalling them from set uping defensive places. Infantry continues to prosecute enemy to mislead and maintain enemy forces from retreating and set uping effectual defence.3. Infantry and other support units attack enemy wings in order to associate up with other groups to finish the onslaught and finally encircle the enemy.4. Mechanized groups spearhead deeper into the enemy district go arounding the enemy places and paralysing the rear forestalling retreating military personnels and guardians from set uping effectual defensive places.5. Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy.

Business Law Case Written Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Case Written Work - Research Paper Example Non-disclosure is the failure of volunteering important facts or information (Mallor, 2004). The law requires that the lease between Ms. Relief and Rem be in writing. This is according to the Statute of Frauds (Mallor, 2004). The fact that the agreement between Ms. Relief and Rem is for more than a one year from its formation date, it has to be in the form of writing. This clause is proper and does not impair the agreement of enforceability. As long the term of the lease has not begun, Rem can cancel the agreement and Ms. Relief will be at liberty to lease it to some other tenant. Rem would not win. The agreement between Force and Rem do not satisfy the elements required for an enforceable agreement. Force offered a promise in return for nothing from Rem thus rendering his promise gratuitous (Mallor, 2004). Rem would not win. This is because Rem had enforced the Cancellation clause of the lease document which provided for cancellation without penalties thus giving Ms. Relief the freedom to accept an offer from another

Analyses of Articles on the Theme of Human Geography Assignment

Analyses of Articles on the Theme of Human Geography - Assignment Example In South Asia religion is diverse; Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. India has a well educated middle class. There is a shortage of housing in urban areas. Early marriages and child labor are common. 72% of Indians live in rural areas (Sahni 2011). Some environmental issues include deforestation, wildlife extinction, urban population and natural hazards. Bangladesh experiences massive flooding during the cyclone season. India faces lot deforestation which has led to the extinction of some wildlife species. The number of women in India is decreasing due to the preference of men to women (Sahni 2011). In central Asia, Afghanistan is a landlocked country with a very harsh climate. There are very few sources of water and the available are polluted by industrial runoff. Forests have been cleared to give room for agriculture (Rogers 2010). Europe lies at a higher altitude which makes its climate milder. The languages spoken are diverse; Germanic, romance, Slavic, Basque, Finish, Hungarian and Estonian. There is religious diversity which includes Islam, Secularism, Christianity, and Judaism. The population, in general, is declining due to a variety of factors such as increased wealth making small families a choice, women entering the workforce and housing shortages. The Alps in Europe are a sight to behold. They span into three countries namely Italy, Austria, and Switzerland. The increase in avalanches can be attributed to climate change in Europe (thestar.blogs.com). East Asia comprises of four countries; China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. China’s physical geography ranges from mountains, rivers, valleys, and basins in the southern part. 85% of Japan’s terrain is mountainous covered with forests. Industrial pollution affects the region’s environment. Another environmental hazard that faces East Asia region is earthquakes (New York Times, 2010).

Silas Marner Essay Example for Free

Silas Marner Essay In the book Silas marner, George Elliot uses many themes to bring the book alive and also to grasp the reader’s attention. Silas marner is written by a woman who named herself George Elliot as a mean to publish her novels. Themes are used in this novel to portray what George Elliot was trying to show the readers. One of the themes in Silas marner is class; being centered on two households, marner’s cottage by the stone pit and the Cass marner, the red house, these two settings represent class extremes. The cottage is showed as the ramshackle abode of the lowest member of raveloe society; the manor is a beautiful home filled with gentry and a location for dances. Elliot shows many intersections between the two households. Dunstan Cass, who is a member of the upper class, enters marner’s home looking for money. Silas marner who is from the lowest class and miserable, raises a squire’s granddaughter as his own child, despise the fact that she is from an upper class family. The rainbow tavern and the church in raveloe are also places where class differences are present. The rainbow is a different place when the â€Å"gentles† are having a dance (ch. six). In these times, the lesser villagers like mr. Macey, reign over the rainbow, telling stories. Secondly, at the church, the higher members of society sit in assigned seats at the front of the church while the rest of the villagers sit in the back and watch. In both these places, although everyone recognizes the status differences between the lower and higher class, this doesn’t not seem to be a problem in raveloe. In raveloe, strict boundaries of class do not necessarily lead to greater happiness among the higher classes. Those with money or those who have a little money tend to be the most harned and corrupt characters, such as Dunstan, Godfrey and even silas, before he found Eppie. The person in silas Marner who is most oppressed by circumstances, is Godfrey Cass, who finds himself at the mercy of a lower class wife, who fails to have children of his own and ends up envying the bond of a lowly weaver and his daughter. Silas and Eppie, on the other hand, though they do not have status or wealth, seem to enjoy unmitigated happiness. Nevertheless, being in a higher class shows that when there is a crime or something goes amiss you are never suspected because you are in a higher class so you would never stoop to those standards. For example, when silas’s gold was stolen, even though it was Dunstan Cass who was from the higher class who stole it, he was never suspected because he was in a higher class. Instead they suspected Jem Rodney, a low class peddler. Why did they suspect him and not someone from a higher class? Because being in a higher class, no one ever thinks you would do something like steal from a miser. Only because the higher class portrays an image as to having it all and are happy and perfect. Dunstan Cass is a clear example that even though you are in a higher class, you have that one person who does not uphold the standards and stoop lower than a lower class person would. Another theme of silas Marner is the nature of chance, and perhaps the only inference one can make about chance as read in the novel is that chance cannot be trusted. Everyone has good or bad turns but we never know which is which until later in life. Take into consideration when silas loses his gold, he thinks it is the worst thing that could ever happen to him. When you think about this, you realize it was one of the best things to happen to silas because losing his gold gave him a clear space in his life to love and take care of Eppie like she was his own. Looking at godfrey cass, he believes the death of his first wife and marner’s subsequent adoption of his daughter, was an amazing stroke of good fortune, but as we read and realized it turns out to be horribly the worst in the end. He ends up wanting his daughter Eppie in his life more than he wanted Nancy. Godfrey realizes it was wrong to pretend that Eppie was not his child, which he paid for in the end. We realize that chance is not so random after all but guided by the author. The characters end up meeting their faith, the good were rewarded or ended up lucky, while the bad were unlucky or punished. For instance Godfrey stated that he â€Å"passed for childless once† because he wanted to and, unfortunately, he â€Å"shall pass for childless now against his wish†. Even so, the novel also reflects the complexity of reality, and chance serves this purpose as well. Near the book’s end, the wise Marner says, despite his perfect happiness, â€Å"Things will change, whether we like it or not; things won’t go on for a long while just as they are and no difference†. Which means pain will come, joy will come, and no one can learn from each revolution of the wheel fortune.

The Iliad of Homer Essay -- essays research papers

When analyzing the Greek work the Iliad, Homer procures an idealistic hero with an internal conflict, which questions the values of his society and the Greek Heroic Code. The Greek Heroic Code includes respect, honor, and requirements to procure an exorbitant image. To be considered a Greek hero you must meet the perquisites and fulfill all of the aspects of the code. Achilleus was deemed a hero, he was the strongest and swiftest of the Achieans. Achilleus lived up to all of these aspects until his internal conflict began in the Iliad. Homers purpose in the ending of book XXIV is to restore Achilleus after his reconciliation with the Greek Heroic Code.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achilleus was the most honorable Greek warrior of his time. No one questions Achilleus, nor challenged him, because if they do they would be smite. Achilleus is honorable, he pays respect that is due, and gratefully thanks those who respect him. Up until his outrage in Book XXII all of Achilleus rituals have been consistent. When his temper overcame his natural inveterate intuition Achilleus immediately invoked all ordain and involvement in the Greek Heroic Code. One of Achilleus' major omissions can be found where he defies the corpse of Hektor. This motion surprised and befuddled the Greek Gods, and had them viewing a plan on a sleuth method of manipulation of the body of Hektor. This probationary period of time that the Gods created gave Achilleus enough time to debate and redirect his ritual...

Examining The Implications Of Process

Modern decision-making support system (DAMS) technology is often also needed for complex SAD, with recent research calling for more integrative DAMS approaches. However, scholars tend to take disintegrated approaches and disagree on whether rational or political decision-making processes result in more effective decision outcomes. In this study, the authors examine these issues by first exploring some of the competing theoretical arguments for the process-choice-effectiveness relationship, and then test these relationships empirically using data from a crisis response training exercise using an intelligent agent-based DAMS.In contrast to prior research, findings indicate that rational decision processes are not effective in risks contexts, and that political decision processes may negatively influence both response choice and decision effectiveness. These results offer empirical evidence to confirm prior unsupported arguments that response choice is an important mediating factor betw een the decision-making process and its effectiveness. The authors conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings and the application of agent-based simulation DAMS technologies for academic research and practice.Keywords: Agent Software, Agent Technology, Decision Support Systems (ADS), Distributed Decision Making Systems, Knowledge Management, Security Management, Strategic Planning Introduction Strategic decision-making (SAD) involves the methods and practices organizations use to interpret opportunities and threats in the environment and then make response decisions (Shirtwaists & Grant, 1985). Modern decommissioning support system (DAMS) technology is DOI: 1 0. 4018/just. 0100701 01 often also needed for complex SAD, with recent research calling for more integrative DAMS approaches (Moral, Foregone, Cervantes, Carried, Guppy, & Agleam, 2005; Phillips-Wren, Moral, Foregoing, & Guppy, 2009). Such DAMS technologies offer the type of rich and powerful research tec hnology littorals with a high degree of external and internal validity as well as reliability required for integrated decision support (Moral et al. , 2005; Ill, Duffy, Whit- Copyright 0 2010, GIG Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of GIG Global is prohibited. International Journal Of Decision Support System Technology, 2(3), 1-15, July-September 2010 field, Bayle, & McKenna, 2009; Linebacker, De Spain, McDonald, Spencer, & Clottier, 2009; Mustachios & Susann, 2009; Phillips-Wren et 2009). Conditions of uncertainty in highly turbulent environments (e. G. , crisis espouse), by nature, further complicate the SAD process, and may limit decision making effectiveness (Ramirez-Marquee & Afar, 2009). At issue is the presumed need for speed of response where logic dictates that a satisfactory decision that is made quickly is superior to an optimal decision made too late.Two of the most commonly accepted, and widely employed decision makin g processes in these contexts are political behavior and procedural rationality (Frederickson & Mitchell, 1984; Hart, 1 992; Eisenhower & Kickback, 1992; Dean & Sherman, 1993; Hart & Binary, 1994; Reader, 2000; Hough & White, 2003; Elba & Child, 2007). ROR research advocates that ‘political' processes will be more effective in these contexts, and that ‘rational' decision processes will be less effective in unstable environments (Frederickson & Mitchell, 1984).Subsequent research considered the effectiveness Of processes in ‘high velocity environments and advocated that rational decision-making processes will allow for faster response and will be more effective than political decision-making processes in these contexts (Bourgeois & Eisenhower, 1 988; Eisenhower, 1989). Hart (1992) later expanded on these arguments to develop a framework for session-making processes involving a variety of forms stemming from political or rational bases, and also argued that ‘ra tional' approaches should relate positively to effectiveness, while more ‘political' approaches should not.Collectively, the literature on the effectiveness of these SAD processes across a variety of settings is in conflict as some studies suggest that rational decision-making processes will be positively related to effectiveness (Bourgeois & Eisenhower, 1988; Eisenhower, 1989; Hart, 1992) and political decision-making processes will not be effective (Hart, 1 992), while Others advocate for political decision- aging processes and against rational decision-making processes (Frederickson & Mitchell, 1984).Given this conflict, and the fact that these differences are largely unresolved empirically, one contribution of this study is that we examine the effectiveness implications of political and rational SAD processes. Through doing so, we offer some clarification and resolution of the conflicting predictions and findings of Frederickson and Mitchell (1984), Bourgeois and Eisenhowe r (1988), and Hart (1992). Further, while the inclusion off mediating role for response choice is well theorized, it is also largely untested empirically in prior work.Therefore a further contribution of this study is that we also seek to take into account this mediating role of choice on decision effectiveness. In this study we address several specific research questions: 1) Does variation in the decision-making process result in variation in response choice; 2) Does variation in response choice result in variation in decision effectiveness; and 3) Can we also trace the effectiveness of different SAD processes as mediated through particular response choices?Since management can influence the SAD processes, question three is likely to be of more interest than question woo. However, if we only look at the direct relationship between SAD processes and effectiveness (I. E. , Dean & Sherman, 1996), we might be attributing differences in effectiveness to process variation when these vari ations did not actually influence choices. Thus, we need to adequately discern which SAD processes are more effective in these situations and produce the most effective outcomes.Addressing these questions helps to clarify the integrated influences of process and choice on strategic decision-making effectiveness. This paper proceeds as follows: 1) We review related research on SAD, and leverage prior theory to develop hypotheses for an integrated process-choice-effectiveness SAD model; 2) We examine the model and hypotheses through empirical analysis of data from a crisis response training exercise using an agent-based simulation decision support system technology; 3) We present and discuss the results Of our analyses in relation to the model and hypotheses; Copyright 0 201 0, GIG Global.Copying or distributing in print or electronic September 2010 3 and 4) We conclude with a discussion of our findings along with implications for practitioners and future academic research. Theory' de velopment Prior work by Dean and Sherman (1993, 1 996) offers an integrated decision-making model, for framing this study of SAD process-cooperativeness's. Their work examines the assumptions underlying the relationship between decision- making processes, response choices, and SAD effectiveness.The model proposes that variation in decision-making process (political or rational) will produce different response choices, which result in variation in SAD effectiveness. However, empirical testing of their model is limited to the relationship between political and rational decision-making processes and variation in effectiveness alone, excluding the intermediate response choice arable.As the potential mediating implications of the response choice intermediate variable are thereby unexamined, we extend and examine Dean and Chairman's (1996) model to clarify the conflicting arguments in the prior SAD literature. We do this through examining the full model with the inclusion of the mediating relationship of response choice through our application to an extreme decision-making context (crisis response).Our approach is as follows: 1) We extend Dean and Chairman's (1996) strategic decision-making relationship and effectiveness model of variation in process, response choice, and effectiveness by expanding heir effectiveness model to include the potential mediating effects of intermediate choices; and 2) We then examine the competing arguments for process effectiveness in this context from Frederickson and Mitchell (1984), Bourgeois and Eisenhower (1 988), and Hart (1992). In Dean and Chairman's (1996) model variation in the strategic decision-making process (e. . , Political or Rational approaches) produce variation in response choice, resulting in variation in effectiveness. The effectiveness outcomes therefore depend on the following: 1) The strategic decision-making process utilized, and 2) The response strategy choices implemented. In order to clarify the conflicting d ominant arguments in the literature for process effectiveness under uncertainty, as well as test the theorized mediating role of choice, we develop several base-line hypotheses to be roughly consistent with the previous literature.Replicating Dean and Chairman's (1996) model: Hypothesis 1 : Variation In strategic decommissioning process will be related to variation in effectiveness. Examining the sub elements of the implied Dean and Sherman (1996) model: Hypothesis 2: Variation in strategic decommissioning process will be related to variation in response choice. Hypothesis 3: Variation in response choice will be related to variation in effectiveness.To examine the full model as proposed by Dean and Sherman (1996), which proposes a mediating relationship but only examines the direct relationship, we distinguish between the direct effect of SAD process on effectiveness (HI) and a mediating relationship acting through response choice. Whereas, Dean and Chairman's (1996) original model has choice as endogenous to the strategic decision-making and effectiveness relationship, we model response choice as an intermediate step and consider this as an expansion of the strategy decision-making and effectiveness relationship.We therefore derive hypothesis 4 to examine whether response choice has both a mediating and direct effect Examining the full Dean and Sherman (1996) model: Hypothesis 4: Variation in strategic decommissioning process and variation in response choice will be related to variation in effectiveness. Copyright C 2010, GIG Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic 4 International Journal of Decision Support System Technology, 2(3), 1-15, To examine the conflict in the literature regarding the inconsistency among the Frederickson and Mitchell (1984) andBourgeois and Eisenhower (1988) propositions for uncertain and high velocity environments, as well as the Hart (1992) propositions for effectiveness by type of decision-making process, we develop hypotheses AAA and b: Hypothesis AAA: In highly turbulent environments, Rational decision-making processes should be positively related to effectiveness, while Political decommissioning processes should not have a positive relationship with effectiveness (Bourgeois & Eisenhower, 1 988; Hart, 1992).Hypothesis b: In highly turbulent environments, Rational decision-making processes should be negatively related to effectiveness, while Political consummating processes should have a positive relationship with effectiveness (Frederickson & Mitchell, 1984). Analytical considerations Study context Crisis events (I. E. , natural disasters, terrorism, etc. ) are environments characterized by varying levels of turbulence and ambiguity (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004).While government organizations differ from those in the private sector, research in the management field on SAD may be applicable to government organizations dealing with crisis events. For example, the core task o f organizations is the creation and/or maintenance of a fit between the organizations' internal strengths and capabilities and the demands placed on them by their environments.Government organizations must also draw upon unique resources and capabilities across various departments and levels of government to respond to challenges in their environments. Similarly, the levels of turbulence and ambiguity present in a government agency operating environment may also be direct contributors to the difficulties inherent to SAD in these contexts. The nature of the environmental pressure, turbidity, and outcome implications make this a unique and challenging operating environment.Prior related work on this topic from other fields includes the development of homeland defense strategy for the White House (KUDUS, 2004), the modeling of disease outbreaks (Ravager & Longing, 1985; Kurd & Hare, 2001; Kaplan, craft, & win, 2002, 2003; Bank, Gull, Kumar, Marathon, Cravings, Tutorial, & Wang, 2004; C raft, Win, & Wilkins, 2005). Further uses have included numerous academic, government, and practitioner publications on epidemiological, terrorism response, and homeland security and defense strategies (Deutsche, 1 963; Hoffman, 1981; Hugh & Selves, 2002; Ramirez-Marquee & Afar, 2009).Sample data We test our model and hypotheses using data collected from a multi-step approach consisting of an experiment (a U. S. Department of Homeland Security training exercise called Measured Response (MR.)) in conjunction with an intelligent agent-based simulation. We use this data to examine the extended Dean and Sherman (1996) model and the associated hypotheses for variation in SAD process, choice, and effectiveness. We use a computational experimentation methodological approach to do this.This approach consists of two steps: 1) Using a validated survey instrument to collect data on strategy process and choice from a lab experiment with actual practitioners grouped into several response teams; and 2) An intelligent agent-based simulation utilized in the exercise to produce data on the effectiveness of the groups' SAD processes and response choices. We test our model and its hypotheses through empirical analysis of a sub sample of 268 combined observations from the survey and simulation data collected from the exercise. Better 2010 5 Measured Response Exercise. The MR. Homeland Security training exercise consisted of nine teams of human agents comprised of three to five individuals each (representing their actual functional responsibilities in most asses) to play the roles of the Departments of Homeland Security (DISH), Health and Human Services (DISH), and Transportation (EDT) at the local, state, and federal levels.These human agents operated In a â€Å"Joint Operations Center environment where they were able to execute a variety of decisions and respond interactively to changes in the simulated environment the rough the exercise. Simulation Model. The Measured Response training exercise utilizes a synthetic environment as the decision support system technology for the exercise. This system uses a dynamic virtual computer simulation environment to simulate the outbreak ND dispersion of a biological agent on a mid-sized city in the United States.This outbreak affects tens of thousands of computer-based intelligent agents. These agents approximate the diversity of behavioral characteristics and demographics of the actual modeled population for the city. Additionally, we utilized pathogen-specific data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the simulation model to ensure the attack takes place in a realistic manner on the virtual population of intelligent agents. Further, the organizational aspects of the simulation model incorporate data from actual DISH and CDC response plans.The simulated scenario therefore replicates the actual characteristics Of a real-world attack in which the decommissioning process and response strategy choice can sign ificantly affect outcomes in terms of infection rate, contagion spread, population death rate, and public mood. Given these factors, these types of decision support system technologies offer a rich and dynamic simulation environment, which largely alleviates the common concerns previously associated with using simplistic homegrown or off-the-shelf simulation tools in academic research (Linebacker et al. 2009; Mustachios & Susann, 2009). Specifically, our training exercise utilizes thousands of different participant decisions on a variety of teams, at multiple levels, which affect thousands of computerized agents who respond dynamically to the collective participant inputs, as well as each Agnes response behavior to the inputs (See Structured, Meta, & ornerier, 2005; Harrison, Line, Carroll, & Carrey, 2007 for more detail on simulation modeling).Additionally, conflicting criteria prevent exercise participants from â€Å"gaming† the system and drive the multiple measures of eff ectiveness. Thus these types of decision support system technologies offer the type of rich and powerful research technology littorals with a high degree Of external and internal validity as well as reliability required for integrated decision support (Lie et al. , 2009; Linebacker et al. , 2009; Mustachios & Susann, 2009). Measures Dependent variables. The dependent variable in our study consists of an integrated composite measure for decision effectiveness.This approach is consistent with recent research advocating integrated process and outcome measures for decision-making support system evaluation (Moral et al. , 2005; Phillips-Wren et al. , 2009). While the decision objective is to contain or control the outbreak and minimize totalities, the need to maintain acceptable levels of public mood complicates this objective. Therefore the decision makers must consider the outcome of their decisions choices in terms of containing the outbreak and impact on public mood. Examining The Implications Of Process Therefore a further contribution of this study is that we also seek to take into account this mediating role of choice on decision effectiveness. In this study we address several specific research questions: 1) Does variation in the decision-making process result in variation in response choice; 2) Does variation in response choice result in variation in decision effectiveness; and 3) Can we also trace he effectiveness of different SAD processes as mediated through particular response choices?Since management can influence the SAD processes, question three is likely to be of more interest than question two. However, if we only look at the direct relationship between SAD processes and effectiveness (I. E. , Dean & Sherman, 1 996), we might be attributing differences in effectiveness to process variation when these variations did not actually influence choices. Thus, we need to adequately discern which SAD processes are more effective in these situations and produce the most effective outcomes.Addressing these questions helps to clarify the integrated influences of process and choice on strategic decision-making effectiveness. This paper proceeds as follows: 1) We review related research on SAD, and leverage prior theory to develop hypotheses for an integrated process-choice-effectiveness SAD model; 2) We examine the model and hypotheses through empirical analysis of data from a crisis response training exercise using an agent-based simulation decision support system technology; 3) We present and discuss the results Of our analyses in relation to the model and hypotheses; Copyright C 2010, GIG Global.Copying or distributing in print or electronic September 201 0 3 and 4) We conclude with a discussion of our findings along with implications for practitioners and future academic research. Theory development Prior work by Dean and Sherman (1 993, 1 996) offers an integrated decision-making model, for framing this study of SAD process-cooperativeness's. Their work ex amines the assumptions underlying the relationship between decision- making processes, response choices, and SAD effectiveness.The model proposes that variation in decision-making process (political or rational) will produce different espouse choices, which result in variation in SAD effectiveness. However, empirical testing of their model is limited to the relationship between political and rational decision-making processes and variation in effectiveness alone, excluding the intermediate response choice variable.As the potential mediating implications of the response choice intermediate variable are thereby unexamined, we extend and examine Dean and Chairman's (1996) model to clarify the conflicting arguments in the prior SAD literature. We do this through examining the full model with the inclusion of the mediating allegations of response choice through our application to an extreme decision-making context (crisis response).Our approach is as follows: 1) We extend Dean and Chairm an's (1996) strategic decision-making relationship and effectiveness model of variation in process, response choice, and effectiveness by expanding their effectiveness model to include the potential mediating effects of intermediate choices; and 2) We then examine the competing arguments for process effectiveness in this context from Frederickson and Mitchell (1 984), Bourgeois and Eisenhower (1988), and Hart (1992).In Dean and Chairman's (1996) model variation in the strategic decision-making process (e. G. , Political or Rational approaches) produce variation in response choice, resulting in variation in effectiveness. The effectiveness outcomes therefore depend on the following: 1 ) The strategic decision-making process utilized, and 2) The response strategy choices implemented.In order to clarify the conflicting dominant arguments in the literature for process effectiveness under uncertainty, as well as test the theorized mediating role of choice, we develop several base-line hy potheses to be ugly consistent with the previous literature. Replicating Dean and Chairman's (1996) model: Hypothesis 1: Variation in strategic decommissioning process will be related to variation in effectiveness.Examining the sub elements of the implied Dean and Sherman (1996) model: Hypothesis 2: Variation in strategic decommissioning process will be related to variation in response choice. Hypothesis 3: Variation in response choice will be related to variation in effectiveness. To examine the full model as proposed by Dean and Sherman (1 996), which proposes a mediating relationship but only examines the erect relationship, we distinguish between the direct effect of SAD process on effectiveness (HI ) and a mediating relationship acting through response choice.Whereas, Dean and Chairman's (1996) original model has choice as endogenous to the strategic decision-making and effectiveness relationship, we model response choice as an intermediate step and consider this as an expansio n of the strategy decision-making and effectiveness relationship. We therefore derive hypothesis 4 to examine whether response choice has both a mediating and direct effect Examining the full Dean and Sherman (1996) model: Hypothesis 4: Variation in strategic decommissioning process and variation in response choice will be related to variation in effectiveness. Copyright 0 201 0, GIG Global.Copying or distributing in print or electronic 4 International Journal of Decision Support System Technology, 2(3), 1-15, July-September 201 0 To examine the conflict in the literature regarding the inconsistency among the Frederickson and Mitchell (1984) and Bourgeois and Eisenhower (1988) propositions for uncertain and high velocity environments, as well as the Hart (1992) propositions for effectiveness by type of decision-making process, we develop hypotheses AAA and b: Hypothesis AAA: In highly turbulent environments, Rational decision-making processes should be positively related to effectiv eness, while Political decommissioning processes should not have a positive relationship with effectiveness (Bourgeois & Eisenhower, 1 988; Hart, 1992). Hypothesis b: In highly turbulent environments, Rational decision-making processes should be negatively related to effectiveness, while Political decommissioning processes should have a positive relationship with effectiveness (Frederickson & Mitchell, 1984). Analytical considerations Study context Crisis events (I. E. , natural disasters, terrorism, etc. Are environments characterized by varying levels of turbulence and ambiguity (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). While government organizations differ from those in the private sector, research in the management field on SAD may be applicable to government organizations dealing with crisis events. For example, the core task of organizations is the creation and/or maintenance of a fit between the organizations' internal strengths and capabilities and the demands placed on them by their environments. Government organizations must also draw upon unique resources and capabilities across various departments and levels of government to respond to challenges in their environments.Similarly, the levels of turbulence and ambiguity present in a government agency operating environment may also be direct contributors to the difficulties inherent to SAD in these contexts. The nature of the environmental pressure, turbidity, and outcome implications make this a unique and challenging operating environment. Prior related work on this topic from other fields includes the development of homeland defense strategy for the White House (KUDUS, 2004), the modeling of disease outbreaks (Ravager & Longing, 1985; Kurd & Hare, 2001; Kaplan, craft, & win, 2002, 2003; Bank, Gull, Kumar, Marathon, Cravings, Tutorial, & Wang, 2004; Craft, Win, & Wilkins, 2005).Further uses have included numerous academic, government, and practitioner publications on epidemiological, terroris m response, and homeland security and defense strategies (Deutsche, 1 963; Hoffman, 1981; Hugh & Selves, 2002; Ramirez-Marquee & Afar, 2009). Sample data We test our model and hypotheses using data collected from a multi-step approach consisting of an experiment (a U. S. Department of Homeland Security training exercise called Measured Response (MR.)) in conjunction with an intelligent agent-based simulation. We use this data to examine the extended Dean and Sherman (1996) model and the associated hypotheses for variation in SAD process, choice, and effectiveness. We use a computational experimentation methodological approach to do this.This approach consists of two steps: 1) Using a validated survey instrument to collect data on strategy process and choice from a lab experiment with actual practitioners grouped into several response teams; and 2) An intelligent agent-based simulation utilized in the exercise to produce data on the effectiveness of the groups' SAD processes and resp onse choices. We test Our model and its hypotheses through empirical analysis of a sub sample of 268 combined observations from the survey and simulation data collected from the exercise. Copyright C 201 0, GIG Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic September 2010 5 Measured Response Exercise.The MR. Homeland Security training exercise consisted of nine teams of human agents comprised of three to five individuals each (representing their actual functional responsibilities in most asses) to play the roles of the Departments of Homeland Security (DISH), Health and Human Services (DISH), and Transportation (EDT) at the local, state, and federal levels. These human agents operated in a â€Å"Joint Operations Center environment where they were able to execute a variety of decisions and respond interactively to changes in the simulated environment throughout the exercise. Simulation Model. The Measured Response training exercise utilizes a synthetic environment as the dec ision support system technology for the exercise. This system uses a dynamic virtual computer simulation environment to simulate the outbreak ND dispersion of a biological agent on a mid-sized city in the United States. This outbreak affects tens of thousands of computer-based intelligent agents.These agents approximate the diversity of behavioral characteristics and demographics of the actual modeled population for the city. Additionally, we utilized pathogen-specific data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the simulation model to ensure the attack takes place in a realistic manner on the virtual population of intelligent agents. Further, the organizational aspects of the simulation model incorporate data from actual DISH and CDC response plans. The simulated scenario therefore replicates the actual characteristics Of a real-world attack in which the decommissioning process and response strategy choice can significantly affect outcomes in terms of infection rate, contagi on spread, population death rate, and public mood.Given these factors, these types of decision support system technologies offer a rich and dynamic simulation environment, which largely alleviates the common concerns previously associated with using simplistic homegrown or off-the-shelf simulation tools in academic research (Linebacker et al. , 2009; Mustachios & Susann, 2009). Specifically, our training exercise utilizes thousands of different participant decisions on a variety of teams, at multiple levels, which affect thousands of computerized agents who respond dynamically to the collective participant inputs, as well as each agent's response behavior to the inputs (See Structured, Meta, & ornerier, 2005; Harrison, Line, Carroll, & Carrey, 2007 for more detail on simulation modeling).

Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Public policy refers to the action or inactivity of the authorities on an issue ( s ) ( Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting out the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes public policy alteration really complex as assorted persons, administrations and even the province have conflicting involvement and capacities. There is therefore the demand for coherency of interest/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) . Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in public policy on route safety in Nigeria.Health Issue and Public Health Importance:Road Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a major public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with another vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public main road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) .The Situation Globally:RTC histories for over 1.2 million deceases with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major cause of disablement ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of decease globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of decease by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million human deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues like TB, HIV/AIDS ( soon the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This means that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC wi ll be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if pressing action is non taken. The planetary losingss due to route traffic hurts are estimated to be about 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 – 3 % of its gross national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) .Nigeria:Figure: Map of Nigeria demoing major accident zones. Beginning: Savan demographic map Nigeria is Africa ‘s most thickly settled state, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World Bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 states with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from unwilled injuries/ public force in the state ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) . Usoro ( 2010 ) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or injured day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or acquire injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of hapless coverage and hapless recording of route accidents in the state. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher hazard of route traffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less likely to hold the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poorness load as they lose their staff of life victor ; lose net incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) . RTC has its greatest impact among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 – 45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore impacting the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high velocity, intoxicant, bad roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high velocity is most concerned in low income states ( WHO 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean velocity can ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean velocity there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The debut of velocity cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of velocity on the island ( Environment and Transport select Committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has besides been shown to hold positive effects on wellness results e.g. cut downing respiratory jobs associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) . There is hence pressing demand for action to forestall this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE ( POLICY CONTENT ) : Introduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity bounds on Nigerian roads.Procedure aims:To cut down high velocity behavior of drivers and better Conformities to rush bounds To educate the populace on the benefits of obeying route safety steps Outcome aims: To cut down the morbidity and mortality from RTC by 30 % and to cut down the possible life old ages lost from RTC by 50 % by 2020.Policy end:To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria. Enforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual most effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes but has to puddle its manner through the policy procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the assorted scanning theoretical account. For better apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of policy devising, the proposed policy alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic point in a peculiar context influenced by the participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Actors: Persons, administrations and groups orp Content Context Procedure Figure 2: Policy analysis trigonBeginning: Walt and Gilson 1994.THE POLICY Procedure:Agenda scene Policy rating and feedback Policy preparation Policy execution The policy procedure can be broken down into series of phases called the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the times and topographic points where tactical attacks can be applied to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Figure 3: Policy procedure Before traveling on with the policy procedure, it will be worthwhile understanding the state ‘s policy context as this will help in determining the procedure.THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT:The proposed wellness policy alteration can be affected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) :Situational factors:This includes the increasing broad spread public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated above.Cultural factors:There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and cultural groups are the most politically influential and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that route accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( Sarma 2007 ) . Hence the spiritual leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an of import function in converting their followings and betterin g ownership for community support and policy execution success.International factors:Road safety issues have increased in impulse on the planetary docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitious mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is supported by international organic structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures will therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise.Structural Factors:( a ) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with degrees of authorization expressed at the federal, province and local authorities countries. There are 36 provinces and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the lowest political unit in the state ) . There are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and province degrees. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower house ( the House of Representatives ) elected from the province senatorial territories and the constituencies severally. Each province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs. Each local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards. The province authorities has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) .The Federal Road Safety Commission:This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular United States Marshals Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive aid from the constabulary, civil defense mechanism corps, NGO ‘S etc. ( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and involvement groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission phases of how a measure becomes a jurisprudence. ( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues. To the easiness the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import.STAKEHOLDER Analysis:It helps to identify Actors ; measure their involvement, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It will assist to place and move to forestall misinterpretation and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) . Name of stakeholder ( administration, Group or person at the federal, province or local degree ) Stakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support ) Potential function in the procedure ( vested involvement in the activity ) Potential degree of committedness ( support or oppose, to what extent and why ) and how to acquire their support Available resources ( staff, voluntaries, )PowerGovernment/Political sector President Commanding officer in head of the armed forces, initiate authorities policies/bills Assenting to and sign language of measures, mentioning a measure back to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality Moderate support, demand for dialogue and lobbying News conferences, high degree committedness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, Speech High The senate and house of representatives The province Governor and province house of assembly Approves the proposed policy to go a jurisprudence, guarantee appropriate support Novices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally Sponsors/ Champions policy alteration, Has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree Some may back up and other may non. Necessitate to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support Same as above News conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings Same as above High High Ministry of wellness Implement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system Draft measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Political determination shapers, organizational construction of the freshly introduced nomadic injury squad High Federal route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism service corps Lead bureau on disposal of route safety in Nigeria Pilot trial, Assist the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange, Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Organizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services three tier system High Ministry of finance Provides public financess, facilitates development and reappraisals budget, Prioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration Variable if the cost for execution is significantly increased Fundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras High Ministry of transit Oversing transit safety Formulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety May or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new rail manner system development in the state Staffs available at assorted degrees High Ministry of Education Oversing instruction related actives Aid in execution of educational policies May non back up because of other pressing demands like salary increase for instructors Staffs available at assorted degrees High Pressure GROUPS NBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO Major political force per unit area groups Beginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development Strongly back up the policy alteration Organised construction and staffs available High International organic structures WHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure pool for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID, Multi stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking. Approves the proposal to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy Strongly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns Financial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant Medium Nongovernmental organization SAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, SAFETY ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross Agency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, station debut surveillance Legislative reform protagonism and policy execution Strongly back up Trained staffs every bit good as voluntaries. Low Professional administration Nigeria Medical Association, Researchers. Represents its members and support their involvement Can set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure Strongly back up Fiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy Medium Other civil societies Community leaders/chiefs, young person groups, Opinion leaders and determination shapers Can negociate the policy alteration and utile for execution Strongly back up They can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the community, Medium Table1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) . From the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be done by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging treatment about how to turn to resistance.AGENDA Setting:This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Kingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent watercourses ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below: Policy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket scene ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 )Call uping the Media:McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) foremost developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong correlativity between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and accordingly the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic structures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can besides be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity. Personal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful teacher than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later the policy docket. Fig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) .POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION:This involves the stairss taken after the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is implemented. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below:FRSCSUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration ) Sponsor a Member of national assembly Forwarding of the measure to National assembly First ReadingSecond Reading ( polish )Public input Committee phase ( Committee on route safety ) Report phase Third reading Public Input Assent ( Presidents marks the Bill )Bill is promulgatedFig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes: To maintain the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for: Continuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to reach legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to confront interactions ) , Mass Support by go toing commission meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket, Dickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The bottom -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really good attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the intended policy result. The execution procedure would necessitate clip and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree.Initial rapid demands appraisal:The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees. The appraisal will supply scientific, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious.Execution agenda:Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity. Random placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras Fines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras. License suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of times as will be stated. The usage of promotion to inform the populace on the new jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments.Evaluation AND Feedback:Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther † The technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy alliance is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up intermediate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. NICE in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan. It will besides affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims. The Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) : INPUTS INDICATORS Procedure INDICATORS End product Indexs Result INDICATORS Fundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics Human resources- constabulary and route safety Training of forces involved Political committedness Servicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras Reding quality offered to lawbreakers Police/ route safety – driver interaction Speed direction among route users Collision rates from velocity Badness of hurts from RTC Mortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity. Disability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit Complication rates Quality of life Table 2: Donabedian model Evaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will besides be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees. The micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads. The meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree. The macro degree: this involves accessing funding of the programme and its map at the national or international degree.Decision:The policy procedure is a cyclical procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit. The execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and freeing resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs.

Treating Anaphylaxis Essays - Medical Emergencies, RTT, Free Essays

Treating Anaphylaxis Essays - Medical Emergencies, RTT, Free Essays Treating Anaphylaxis TREATING ANAPHYLAXIS In the emergency setting, anaphylaxis is a dangerous, life threatening condition that must be treated in an aggressive and timely fashion. Anaphylaxis is a condition related to acute allergic reactions. Following the bodys exposure to the offending allergen, there are common systemic reactions. The most serious reactions involve the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, but the gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and genitourinary systems are often involved causing varied symptoms such as urticaria, flushing, angioedema, bronchospasm, hypotension, cardiac arrythmias, nausea, intestinal cramps, pruritus, and finally uterine cramps. (Physician Assistant, 8/94) The above list is by no means exhaustive, specific symptoms vary from person to person. The same person suffering from several anaphylactic reactions can also present with differing symptoms. Physiologically speaking, the two main effects of the bodys released mediators (IgE) during an anaphylactic reaction are smooth muscle contraction and vasodilatation, which cause most of the bodys adverse symptoms. (JAMA, 11/26/82) Since the most life threatening reactions usually involve the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, that is where emergency treatment is focused. In the cardiovascular system, a combination of vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, tachcycardia, and arrhythmias can lead to severe hypotension. In the respiratory system, the swelling of tissues along with bronchospasm and increased mucus production are the main cause of death. So, if untreated, anaphylaxis can be fatal as a result of the bodys going into what is essentially shock, while simultaneously (and more importantly) being deprived of the oxygen needed to sustain life. As of today there is one universally accepted treatment for acute anaphylaxis. Epinephrine. Epinephrine is both an alpha and a beta agonist. This makes it the drug optimally suited to treat anaphylaxis. Epinephrine will increase vascular resistance, reduce vascular permeability, produce bronchodilation and increase cardiac output. (Emergency, 10/93) Epinephrine will directly counteract the potentially life threatening aspects of anaphylaxis. Epinephrine can , and is, used in the both the pre-hospital environment as well as in definitive care institutions. Epinephrine is widely administered by ALS providers the world over. The drug is so effective that and relatively simple to use that subcutaneous administration of epinephrine by EMT-Bs trained in recognition of anaphylaxis is safe. (Annals of Emergency Medicine, 6/95) Following the administration of epinephrine, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, and promethazine can be administered. These agents block the harmful effects of histamine, a mediator associated with allergic reactions, and while not displacing histamine from receptors, they compete with histamine for receptor cites and therefore block additional histamine from binding. (JEMS, 4/95) Patients taking beta adrenergic blocking agents will have limited benefits from the administration of epinephrine (it being a beta agent), as well potentially unopposed alpha adrenergic effects that could result in severe hypertension. (Physician Assistant, 8/94) In such cases norepinepherine and dopamine may be necessary to treat systemic anaphylaxis. Glucagon which increases cAMP, is a bronchodilator, and stimulates cardiac output, can be very useful, even in the presence of beta blockers. (Physician Assistant, 8/94) Inhaled bronchodilators are useful for the treatment of respiratory complications associated with anaphylaxis. There is a wide variety of acceptable agents. Sympathomimetics such as albuterol, and metaproterenol will relax the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. Anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide can also decrease bronchospasm. Aminophylline, a bronchodilator and diuretic can also increase intracellular cAMP levels, as well as potentiating catecholamines and stimulating their release; these effects make it a useful tool in dealing with persistent bronchospasm. (Physician Assistant, 8/94) Even though steroids (glucocorticosteroids) have some potentially beneficial effects for the relief of bronchospasm and hypotension, they are not recommended for the treatment of acute anaphylactic symptoms due to the fact that it takes four to six hours for them to be effective. (JAMA, 11/26/82) But, steroids such as methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone, are useful in shortening the duration of, and reducing the severity of prolonged anaphylactic reactions, as well as preventing the recurrence of delayed symptoms. (Physician Assistant, 8/94) The above agents are all widely used to treat anaphylaxis. But there are studies and experiments underway that are looking at alternative, or additional treatments. Naloxone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are both being looked at in the possible treatment of anaphylaxis as well as traumatic shock. Naloxone improves cardiovascular function in a variety of animal models of

The first piece of coursework requires you to assess an ecommerce Assignment

The first piece of coursework requires you to assess an ecommerce business solution for your chosen organisation - Assignment Example Hennes & Mauritz operates in more than 38 countries across the globe with its main operations in North America, Europe and Asia. The headquarters of Hennes & Mauritz is located in Stockholm in Sweden. Currently, Hennes & Mauritz is one of the global leaders in the business of fashion products and is highly renowned for the robust strategic management processes employed by the management of the company over the many years of its operations. The valuation of the company is over USD 100 billion as of 2013. The electronic commerce market is a high potential market which is experiencing exponential growth (Laudon and Traver, 2003). As such, Hennes & Mauritz has focused in tapping in the large online marketing domains, especially in the delved countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The company has introduced the electronic commerce business wing from 2010 when it had started selling its products through its corporate electronic commerce website. The online shopping website of H&M, was launched in the year 2010 which offered online retail sales only in the European countries. The electronic commerce wing of H&M was launched as a part of their strategic management function. The main aim of launching the electronic commerce business in the company was to ensure higher levels of competiveness and sustainability in the dynamic business environment, the fact that the electronic commerce domain of businesses across various industries had been experiencing a boost in the last 10 years had made it necessary for Hennes & Mauritz to invest and focus on this part of conducting business so as to ensure higher levels of competitiveness in the global markets of operation of the company (Dave, 2008). The company used to operate with 2200 physical stores locate in diverse geographical locations across the globe. However, currently, Hennes & Mauritz has also entered into the electronic commerce business domain by providing internet based services to its

Atheistic Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atheistic Existentialism - Essay Example This in turn refers to the vast improvements achieved in agriculture, the sciences, the arts, and in almost all spheres of human life, in activities which contribute to the cultivation, betterment, and refinement of the individual person, and of societies in general. Modern culture therefore refers to the sum total of all human experiences and phenomena, starting with the period mentioned and continues up to the present time. Modern culture is the integrated system of learned behavior and actions, mediated by new technologies such as in telecommunications, the Internet, and others. Culture is produced from the creative, imaginative, inventive, and innovative ideas that people make during their time. Culture is primarily in two forms, that of physical things made by a group of people, called as artifacts, and secondly, the intangible culture made up of language, customs, traditions, religious beliefs, cultural practices, and a particular worldview. In particular, the intangible aspect s of culture can be evidenced by the prevailing or prevalent philosophy at a certain time, which in turn guides human thinking and behaviors. Relatedly, there are various or different types of life philosophies over the course of human existence. In this connection, this is the focus of this paper. The philosophy of existentialism is a fairly modern kind of world view, a product of the modern times. It can be traced to around the nineteenth century and clearly within the modern period in human history; its main tenet is the emphasis on the individual person. Discussion Existentialism is a philosophy which states that thinking begins with the individual. It is further claimed by existentialists that acting, feeling, and living are the true indicators of what it termed as an â€Å"existential attitude† which refers to a vague sense of disorientation and confusion, felt by people who are truly living in the real meaning of the word. This feeling of disorientation is experienced when an individual realizes he is living in a meaningless, absurd world. People have always asked since time immemorial what constitutes reality, because human existence is faced with doubts whether human existence is the reality or merely a reflection of it. This feeling of doubt was expressed succinctly by the famous Dutch philosopher, priest, and humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) with his utterance of â€Å"cogito ergo sum† or in the plain English language translated roughly as â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Basically, existentialism advances the idea that it is the individual himself, and not society or religion, which determines and gives meaning to human existence. In other words, it is up to that individual, by his actions, how to live his life the way he wants, how it will turn out to be. This is quite a radical departure from previous life philosophies, because the sole responsibility is placed squarely on the person. Man acquires essence, once he acts on his thoughts, by using his free will (Sartre, 1947). Existentialism as a life philosophy ignores the basic question of whether there is really a God or not. It rather dwells on the capacity of Man to act by himself through his free will; that is Man himself is ultimately responsible for what happens, based on a doctrine of action. A God is seen by existentialists as a limitation or a hindrance to what Man can achieve (Webber, 2009). Conclusion Existentialism as